What step of the scientific method is characterized by deductive reasoning?

The step characterized by deductive reasoning is the testing of the hypothesis. Deductive reasoning involves starting with general principles or theories and applying them to specific cases to draw conclusions. In the context of scientific investigation, once a hypothesis has been developed based on initial observations or theoretical frameworks, an investigator will design experiments or observations to rigorously test that hypothesis.

During the testing phase, one applies established theories or concepts to the particular situation at hand. For example, if a hypothesis suggests a specific outcome based on a known principle, the investigator will set up conditions to see if that outcome occurs, thus either supporting or contradicting the initial hypothesis. This is a hallmark of deductive reasoning, as it relies on logic and established knowledge to validate or refute a hypothesis through empirical evidence.

Recognizing the need and defining the problem occur earlier in the scientific method, where the investigator identifies what needs to be studied. Developing a hypothesis is the next step, where a proposed explanation is formulated, but it does not yet involve testing or reasoning from general to specific.